Photoperiodism - Plant Physiology

 Photoperiodism 

• Response of plant to day light period specially flowering behaviour is called photoperiodism

• The term photoperiodism was coined by Garner and Allard (1920).

 They classified plants into three categories: 

a. Short day plants: 

• Such plants require the day length less than 12 hours for flower initiation..

 • E.g. tobacco, soybean, rice, generally kharif crops and many tropical plants.

 b. Long day plants:

 • Such plants require more than 14 hours day light for flower initiation.

 • E.g. wheat, barley, sugar beet, castor, generally Rabi crops

 c. Day neutral plants:

 • Such plants are unaffected by the day length e.g. maize, tomato, buckwheat, sunflower, cotton, cucumber etc.

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Daily Dosage - Instruments and their usage - General Agriculture -05

 Instruments and their usage

Instrument              -  Uses 

Altimeter                           - Height 

Aneroid barometer            - Atmospheric pressure 

Anemometer                     - Wind speed 

Crescograph                     - Growth of plant

 Dynamometer                 - Convert mechanical energy to electrical 

Cambel stokes                  - Duration of sun shine 

ECG                                 - Movement of heart 

Wind wane                      - Wind direction 

Tensiometers                   - Soil moisture tension 

Galvanometer                 - Electric currents

 Porometer                     - Stomal behavior 

Hydrometer                   - Measures relative density of liquids 

Hygrometer/Psychrometer - Relative humidity

 Lactometer                   - Density of milk, milk purity 

Lysimeter                      - Evapotranspiration/leaching 

Manometer                   - Root pressure

 Planimeter                  -Area of an irregular figure 

Pyrheliometer             - Amount of direct solar radiation 

Pyranometer               - Total incoming solar radiation 

Pycnometer                 - Specific gravity of soil _ 

Peizometer                 - Depth of water table

Potometer                  - Transpiration

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Daily Dosage - Origin of Crops - General agriculture - 04

  Origin of  Crops

• Rice               - S. E. Asia(Burma) 

• Wheat           - S. W. Asia (Turkey)

• Gram            - S. W. Asia  

• Sugarcane    - New Guinea 

• Soybean        - China 

• Mustard       - China 

• Tea                - China 

• Maize           - S. America (Mexico)

• Potato          - S. America (Peru) 

• Tobacco       - C. America 

• Brinjal         - India 

• Moong         - India

• Cotton          - India 

• Groundnut - Brazil 

• Arhar         - Africa

• Cow pea     - Africa   

• Jowar         -Africa 

• Bajra          - Africa

• Oats             -Asia Minor

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Daily Dosage - Important Days Related to Agriculture - General Agriculture 03

 Important Days  Related to Agriculture 

• World Consumer Day -  15th March

• World Forestry Day - 21st March 

• Rajasthan Day - 3rd March

•  World Environment Day - 5th June

• World Population Day -  11th July

•  Ozone Day - 16th September

• Word Food Day - 16th October

• Women in Agriculture Day -  4th December  

• Kishan Day - 23 rd December - birth day of Choudhary Charan Singh

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Daily Dosage - Important years relates to agriculture - General agriculture - 02

United Nation International Years Related to Agriculture

• 2020: The United Nations (UN) is declaring 2020 the ‘International Year of Plant Health.’ Capping off the ‘Decade on Biodiversity,’ the UN continues to recognize and promote healthy ecosystems as key to sustainable development.

• 2019: International Year of Indigenous Languages

• 2018: Contrary to common practice, the United Nations has not declared 2018 as International Year for any specific topic.

• 2017: International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Development

• 2016: International Year of Pulses

• 2015: International Year of Soils

• 2014: International Year of Family Farming

• 2013: International Year of Quinoa

• 2013: International Year of Water Cooperation

• 2012: International Year of Co-operative General Agriculture 

• 2012: Year of Horticultural (declared by Ministry of Ag. & Food Processing, Govt. of India).

• 2011: International Year of Forest, and : International Year of Chemistry 

• 2010: International Year of Biodiversity 

• 2009: International Year of Fiber 

• 2008: International Year of Potato 

• 2007: International Year of Water 

• 2006: International Year of Desert and Desertification

• 2005: International Year of Physics 

• 2004: International Year of Rice

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Daily Dosage - Kisan Call Centre - General Agriculture -01

 Kisan Call Centre

• The Kisan Call Centre scheme was launched in 21, Jan 2004 to provide agricultural information to the farming community through toll -free telephone lines. 

• A country -wide common 11 -digit number-1800-180- 1551—has been allocated for KCCs.

 • Replies to the queries of the farming community are being provided in 22 local languages. 

• Calls are attended to from 6.00 am to 10.00 pm on all seven days of the week.

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Daily Dosage - Sericulture oneliner - 01

 Sericulture - 01

1. Top 3 silk production countries

• 1st - China
• 2nd - India
• 3rd- Uzbekistan

2. Largest Consumer of silk in the world - India

3.Biggest Producer of Raw Silk in India - Mysore (Karnataka)

4. Institutes:

• Central Silk Board - Bangalore

• Central Silk Technological and Research Institute -Bangalore 

• Central Sericulture Training and Research Institute - Mysore

• Central Sericulture Research and Training Institute, Berhampur (Odisha)

• Central Tasar Research and Training Institute, Ranchi (Jharkhand)

• Cental Muga, Eri Research and Training Institute, Titibar (Assam)

• Central Sericultural Germplasm Resources Centre, Hosur (TamilNadu)

5. Books:

• Hand Book of Practical Sericulture - Utal and Narashimhanna

• Mulbery Cultivation -R.K.Patnaik

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Daily Dosage - Types of Vegetable gardens - Vegetable science oneliner

Types of Vegetable gardens

1.Home  or kitchen or Nutritional Garden - Area required for home garden is 250 sqm

2.Market Garden - 

• Mostly situated near big cities,
• Intensive cultivation is followed, 
• Many crops are grown simultaneously

3.Truck Garden - 

• Extensive cultivation is followed one or two crops are grown

4.Processing Vegetable Garden - 

• Specialized cultivation practices are followed.Mainly grown on contract basis

5.Vegetable forcing or control environment agriculture - 

• Intensive cultivation is followed. 
• Very small area is used.

6.Vegetable garden for seed production - 

• Special type of vegetables are grown. 
• Contract cultivation.

7.Floating Vegetable Garden - 

• Mainly found in Jammu & Kashmir Shallow rooted vegetables are grown

8. Roof Garden - Fresh leafy vegetable are grown

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Daily Dosage - Seed Production oneliner - Sorghum / Jower

 Seed production oneliner  - Sorghum /Jowar

• King of coarse grain - Jowar /Sorghum

• Often cross pollinated crop

• Basipetal - Flowering in sorghum starts from tip to bottom 

• Isolation distance for foundation seed production is 200 m

• Isolation distance for certified seed production is 100 m

• Chemical recommended for seed hardening of sorghum is KH2PO4

• Isolation distance for certified seed production is sorghum in the presence of johnson grass - 400 m

• Isolation distance for sorghum hybrid foundation seed production is 300 m

• Isolation distance for sorghum hybrid certified seed production is 200 m

• Planting ratio followed in sorghum hybrid seed production is 4:2

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Best book for ICAR JRF -Plant Science Preparation

 

Genetics and Plant breeding

1. Fundamentals of genetics –BD Singh
2. Elements of genetics –Phundan Singh
3. Principles of plant breeding-BD Singh
4. Essentials of plant breeding –K.V.Mohanan

Objective book

Plant Science JRF By Elangovan (Previous solved Paper 2005 to 2019+ Model test Paper’s )

Objective Genetics and plant breeding-Phundan Singh

Objective genetics BD Singh & BK Prasad

Objectives of plant breeding –Phundan Singh

1. Plant pathology

   1. Plant pathology-Alice
   2. Fungi bacteria virus –H.C.Dube
   3. Uppal kumar Battacharya
   
   

   Seed science and technology

   1. P.K Agarwal seed technology
   2. Objective seed technology –TNAU
   
   

   Microbiology

   1. Microbiology by Tauro and kapoor
   
   

   General agriculture

   1. General agriculture by Nem raj Sunda
   2. General agriculture by Arun katyayan vol 1& 2( Read the subjects which comes under plant sciences
   3. only)
   4. General Agriculture for Postgraduate Entrance Exam Test (PET) BHU by Elangovan,
   5. General agriculture by Muniraj singh rathore
   6. Objective agriculture by SR Kantwa
   
   

   Plant Physiology

   1. Pandey and sinha 

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Best Agriculture Books for ICAR JRF - Agronomy Preparation

List of Agronomy book for ICAR JRF Agronomy Preparation

1. Principles of Agronomy by S. R. Reddy
2. Principles Of Agronomy by Reddy &  Reddy
3. Textbook of Field Crops Production by Rajendra Prasad vol 1
4. Textbook of Field Crops Production by Rajendra Prasad Vol 2
5. Weed Science : Basic and Applications by T. K. Das
6. Weed Management : Principles and Practices by O.P. Gupta
7. Irrigation Agronomy by Sr Reddy
8. Introductory Soil Science by D.K. Das
9. Agronomy Treatise by  P.D. Chaudhary
10. Objective Agronomy by Thavaprakaash N,Velayudham K
11. Agronomy at a Glance Volume 2. 
12. Objective Fundamentals by P.L. Maliwal and S.L. Mundra
13. Objective Agriculture by S.R Kantwa

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Daily Dosage - Problematic Soils - Soil Science

 Problematic Soils

1. Acid Soil: 

• 30%  of cultivated soil of india are acidic in nature
• Deficiency of Ca, Mg, K
• Toxicity of Al, Mn
• Control Measure - Lime application

2.Alkali Soil: 

• ESP > 15%, EC<4 ds/m pH:8.6-10
• Deficiency of Fe, Zn, P, Mn
• Toxicity of Na, B
• Control Measure : Application of Gypsum, Calcium, Chloride, Phosphogypsum

3.Saline Soil: 

• ESP <15%,pH:7-8.5, EC>4 ds/m
• Deficiency of Ca,K
• Toxicity of Na, Cl
• Control Measure: Application of Gypsum

4.Saline - Alkaline soil :

• ESP >15%,pH:8.5, EC>4 ds/m

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Daily Dosage - Characteristics of Good Quality Seed - Seed Science

 Characteristics of Good Quality Seed

It must be genetically pure:

• Breeder / Nucleus seed  - 100% genetic purity

• Foundation seed - 99.5% genetic purity

• Certified seed - 99.0% genetic purity

It should have the required level of physical purity for certification

• All crop - 98%

• Carrot - 95%

It should have high pure seed percentage

• Bhendi - 99.0%

• Other crop - 98.0%

• Sesame, Soybean & Jute - 97.0%

• Groundnut - 96.0%

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Daily Dosage - Institutions related to Seed Science

 Institutions

• National Bureau of Plant genetic resources - New Delhi
• Central Seed Testing Laboratory - Varanasi, UP
• National Seed Research and Training Centre - Varanasi, UP
• Directorate of Seed and Spices Research -MAU, UP
• Central Institute for Research in Cotton Technology - Mumbai, Maharastra
• Central Institute for Cotton Research -Nagpur, Maharastra
• Central Tobacco Research Institute- Rajamundry, Andhra Pradesh
• Central Rice Research Institute - Cuttack, Odisha
• International Rice Research Institute-Manila, Philippines
• International Plant genetic Resources Institute - Rome, Italy
• The head office of CIMMYT - EL batan
• Central Potato Research Institute- Simla
• Indian Institute of Spices Research -Calicut, Kerala
• Indian Institute of Horticultural Research - Bangalore, Karnataga
• Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research  - Lucknow, UP
• Indian Institute of Vegetable Research  - Varanasi, UP
• Sugarcane Breeding Station - Coimbatore, TamilNadu
• National Research Centre for Seed Spices - Ajmer - Rajesthan
• National Research Centre for Banana -Trichy, TamilNadu
• Directorate of Maize Research - New Delhi
• Directorate of Rice Research - Hyderabad, Telangana
• Directorate of Oil Seed  Research -Hyderabad,  Telangana 
• Directorate of Groundnut Research - Junagarh, Gujarath

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Daily Dosage - Moisture content of grains for safe storage - Agronomy

  Moisture content of grains for safe storage

Crop	Moisture Content (%)
Paddy, Raw Rice	14
Parboiled Rice	15
Wheat, Barley, Maize, Sorghum, Pearl millet, Finger Millet & Pulses	12
Coriander, Chillies, Fenugreek	10
Ground Nut Pods, Rapeseed & Mustard	06

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