Daily Dosage - Cropping Systems - Agronomy

CROPPING SYSTEMS

Cropping Seasons

Kharif crop : July to Oct

Rabi crop : Oct to March

Zaid crop : March to June

• Cropping pattern : Yearly sequence and spatial arrangement of crops and fallow on a given area (Proportion of the area under various crops at a time)

• Cropping scheme : It is plan related to the most profitable use of resources, land, labour, capital and management.

• Cropping system, LS system, poultry system etc., are the sub division of farming system 

• Crop system is the sub division of cropping system 

• Mono cropping also called as mono culture 

• Mono cropping : one crop during one season or year.

• Double crop : two crop per year

• Triple crop : three crop per year

• Multiple cropping : more than 2 crops per year

• Parallel multiple cropping : Intercropping with zero competition

•  Multiple cropping / Inter cropping / Mixed cropping / Relay cropping / Strip cropping : Crop intensification is in time and space dimension 

• Sequential cropping : Crop intensification is only in time dimension. No intercrop competition. Succeeding crop planted after harvesting of first crop

• Relay cropping : Succeeding crop planted before harvesting of preceding crop

• Companion crop : Short duration crop planted in between sugarcane (intercrop). It harvested before elongation phase of sugarcane

• Component crop : Individual crop species that are a part of multiple cropping system

• Sole crop : Pure stand or Solid planting (opposite to intercropping)

• Simultaneous poly culture : It includes intercropping, mixed cropping, inter culture, inter planting, relay planting.

• Allelopathy : The any direct or indirect harmful effect that one plant has on another through the production of chemical substances that escape into the environment 

• Synergetic cropping : Two crops yield is higher than sole crop yield 

• Energy crop : Sugarcane & Tapioca 

• Nurse crop or Green manure crop : Tephrosia, Crotalaria 

• Avenue crop or Road side crop : Gliricidia, Pigeon pea 

• Riparian crop : pepper wort, Water bind weed

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Daily Dosage- Plant Pathology Important Oneliner

Pathology Important oneliner

• Bacteria leaf blight of rice caused by  ?- Xanthomas oryzae

• The disease caused by Leptosphaeria sacchari in sugarcane is ? - Ring spot
  

• Loose smut of wheat is ? - Internally seed borne
  

• The Karnal bunt of wheat is caused by  ?  - Neovossia indica
  

• Sugarcane rust is caused by ?  - Puccinia eriathi
  

• Leaf blight of wheat is caused by ?  - Alternaria trictinia

• Stem rot of rice is caused by ?  - Sclerotium oryzae
  

• Tungro disease of rice is spread by ?  - Nephotettix virescens
  

• Ufra disease of rice is caused by ?  - Ditylenchus
  

• Whip smut of sugarcane is caused by  ?  - Ustilago sciteminae
  

• Red rot of sugarcane is caused by  ?  - Collectorichum falcatum
  

• Sugarcane mosaic disease is transmitted by ? - Rhopalosiphum maidis
  

• Disease also known as “Killer Disease of Wheat” is  ?  - Black/ Stem rust
  

• Akiochi disease is due to  ?  - Sulphur toxicity
  

• White rust of crucifers is caused by  ? - Albugo candida

• Crop showing maximum resistance to nematode is ? - Marigold
  

• Iris famine in 1845 ,was caused due to ? - Phytophothora infestance
  

• Father of Indian Pathology is ? - E.J.Butler

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Daily Dosage - Land Classification -Agricultural Economics

Classification of Land Holding Groups/Farmers

On the Basis of Ownership

✅1. Small: <4 ha. land

✅2. Medium: 4 to 10 ha.

✅3. Large: 10 ha.

 On the Basis of Operational Holding

✅ 1. Marginal: < 1 ha. land

✅2. Small: 1-2 ha.

✅3. Semi-medium: 2 to 4 ha

✅4. Medium: 4 to 10 ha.

✅5. Large: > 10 ha.

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Field Capacity of Implements - Agricultural Engineering

Field Capacity Of Implements

▪️ Indigenous plough  -  0.4ha/day

▪️ MB plough  -  >  1.5-2ha/day

▪️ Disc harrow  - >  2.5ha/day

▪️ Rotavator - >  0.4- 0.5ha/hr

▪️ Two bottom reversible MB plough   - >0.20-0.25ha/hr

▪️ Rigid tyne cultivator  - > 4ha/day

▪️ Potato planter automated - > 6000-14000potatoes/h

        

▪️ Potato planter Semi automated - > 0.15-0.35ha/hr

▪️Paddy transplanter 

 Manual  - > 0.25ha/day

Self proppeled- > 0.05-0.1ha/hr

▪️ Self operated paddy harvester -  >1.5ha/day

▪️ Knapsack sprayer  - > 0.5-1ha/day

▪️ Rocker sprayer  - > 1.5ha/day

▪️ Foot pedal sprayer - > 1ha/day

▪️ Knapsack power sprayer - >1.5ha/day

▪️ Normal PTO speed of tractor  - > 540rpm(9times/sec)

  High speed  - > 1000rpm (16 times /sec) 

▪️ RPM of Rotavator - >210-240 rpm

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Tamil Nadu to become third state to present separate agriculture budget on Aug 14

Tamil Nadu to become third state to present separate agriculture budget on Aug 14 

On August 14, Tamil Nadu will will become the third state -- after Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh -- to have a separate agricultural budget. 

While experts believe that this is nothing more than a political move, data available from Andhra Pradesh indicates that such a move might actually boost the sector.

The tradition of having an exclusive budget for agriculture was started by Karnataka in 2011-12 in order to give a focused approach to the sector.

 Andhra Pradesh followed in 2013-14, terming it as a policy paper on agriculture. Though states like Telangana, Rajasthan and Bihar too had similar plans, they did not take off due to various legal and technical reasons.

Telangana had backed out of a plan of having a separate budget citing Rule 150 of the legislative guidelines which states that only receipts and expenditure were treated as budget. Telangana was of the view that other plans, programmes and schemes would come under bills and could not be treated as separate budgets.

“Article 202 of the Constitution of India enables states to issue an estimated statement of receipts and expenditure for a financial year (commonly referred to as ‘Budget’ or ‘Annual Financial Statement’). Read in conjunction with List II entries (State), it is apparent that the Constitution confers wide ranging powers to states to make/amend laws on ‘agriculture’ related activities including preparing roadmaps and taking actions aimed at achieving the projected revenue and expense figures,” said Purusharth Singh, partner, Dhir & Dhir Associates, when asked about the legal validity of such a move.

What does it mean for Tamil Nadu?

Tamil Nadu has already invited opinions from various farmer associations and industry bodies for its maiden agriculture Budget. “For Tamil Nadu, this will promote the new varieties of hybrid crops developed in the state. The move will also be helpful in addressing local issues like water management, farming techniques, post-harvest management, giving additional focus to the sector,” 

Based on the 2015-16 Agriculture Census, around 70 per cent of the state’s population is still dependent on agriculture, while it has set an ambitious target of achieving 12.5 million metric tonnes of food grain production during 2021-22.

Agri statistics of Tamil Nadu

70%: State's population dependent on agriculture

35%: Agricultural Households as percentage of rural households

83%: Percentage of agriculture households indebted

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India opens doors for genetically modified soyameal imports for poultry

India opens doors for genetically modified soyameal imports for poultry 

India is all set to import 15 lakh tonnes of genetically modified (GM) soyameal after the Union Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change and the Food Safety and Standard Authority of India (FSSAI) gave their nod to it. This would be the first time that India would import GM soyameal in view of the demand by the poultry industry.

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Best Book For ICAR JRF Statistics Preparation

 Best Book for ICAR -JRF Statistics Preparation

1. Mathematical Statistics by SC Gupta & VK Kapoor
2. Programmed Statistics by B.L.Agarwal
3. Let us C Solutions by Y.P Kanetkar
4. Introduction to computers and basic programming by C.Xavier
5. Objective Mathematics by R.D.Sharma
6. General agriculture book by S.R.Kantwa
7. Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research BY Gomez
8. A handbook of agricultural statistics [Shri Ram Singh Chandel]

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Best Book for ICAR -JRF Soil Science Preparation

 Best Books For Preparation of ICAR JRF Soil Science

1. Introductory Soil Science by D.K. Das

2. Fundamentals of Soil Science  by Indian Society of Soil Science

3. Textbook of Soil Science by T. Biswas, S Mukherjee

4. Textbook of Soil Science by R.K. Mehra

5. Concept of Soil Science book by S.G. Rajput

6. Agri Facts – Soil Science by Sai Prasad

7. Objective Soil Science by Ramesh

8. A Textbook of Pedology Concepts and Applications by J. Sehgal

9. Principles of Soil Chemistry, Kim H. Tan

10. Commercial fertilizers by Rajan kumar

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Daily Dosage - General Agriculture oneliner - 08

 General Agriculture -07

1.Khaira disease of rice is caused due to deficiency of - Zn

2.At global level India's position / rank in the wheat production is -  2nd

3.Grassy Shoot disease of sugarcane is caused by -  Mycoplasma

4.Silicon responding crop is - Rice

5.Most abundant soil group in India is -  Alluvial Soil

6.Sulphur content of gypsum is - 19%

7.Best carpet wool producing sheep breed is - Chokhla

8.Highest fat % containing milk breed of buffalo - Bhadawari

9.FMD not occurs in - Poultry

10.Milk Sugar - Dissacharide

11.Bengal famine caused by - Helminthosporium oryzae

12.Blind hoeing done in - Sugar cane

13.Seed rate of brinjal is - 4-5kg/ha

14. Seed rate of castor - 10-12 kg/ha

15.Powerhouse of cell is  - Mitochondria

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Daily Dosage - Agrl Economics Important Expansion - 01

 Agricultural Economics  Important Expansion

• TRIFED    - Tribal Co-operative Marketing Development Federation of India

• TRIMS      - Agreement on Trade Related Investment Measures

• NAFED     - National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation

• AGMARK -  is a certification mark employed on agricultural products in India
  

• CWC          - Central Warehousing Corporation

• ISI               - Indian Standards Institution

• DMI            - Directorate of Marketing and Inspection

• NCDC         - National Cooperative Development Corporation

• AEZ           - Agri- Export Zone

• CACP        - Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices
  

• APEDA     - Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority, NewDelhi

• NHB          - National Horticulture Board

• NDDB        - National Dairy Development Board

• NIAM        - National Institute for Agricultural Marketing, Jaipur

• WTO         - World Trade Organization

• GATT        - General Agreement on Trade & Tariffs

• CEC           - Codex Eliementarious Commission

• HACCP      - Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points

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Daily Dosage - Oil and Protein Content of Important crops - General Agriculture- 07

  Oil and Protein Content of Important crops 

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Daily Dosage - Different Agricultural Revolutions in India - General Agriculture - 06

Agricultural Revolutions in India:

The agricultural revolution in India refers to the significant change in the agriculture that occurs when there are discoveries, inventions, or new technologies implemented. These change the production ways and increase the production rate. There are various Agricultural Revolutions occurred in India.

List of Agricultural Revolutions in India: 

1.Green - Food Grain Production

2.Yellow - Oil seed Production

3.White - Milk Production

4.Pink -Shirmp Production / Onion Production

5.Blue - Fishery Production

6.Brown - Spices & Condiments Production

7. Red - Meat / Tomato Production

8.Golden - Fruit (Apple Revolution)

9.Silver - Egg Production

10.Gray - Fertilizer & Biomass Production

11.Round - Potato Production

12.Black - Petroleum & crude oils

13.Rainbow - Over all Development of Agri sector

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Photoperiodism - Plant Physiology

 Photoperiodism 

• Response of plant to day light period specially flowering behaviour is called photoperiodism

• The term photoperiodism was coined by Garner and Allard (1920).

 They classified plants into three categories: 

a. Short day plants: 

• Such plants require the day length less than 12 hours for flower initiation..

 • E.g. tobacco, soybean, rice, generally kharif crops and many tropical plants.

 b. Long day plants:

 • Such plants require more than 14 hours day light for flower initiation.

 • E.g. wheat, barley, sugar beet, castor, generally Rabi crops

 c. Day neutral plants:

 • Such plants are unaffected by the day length e.g. maize, tomato, buckwheat, sunflower, cotton, cucumber etc.

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Daily Dosage - Instruments and their usage - General Agriculture -05

 Instruments and their usage

Instrument              -  Uses 

Altimeter                           - Height 

Aneroid barometer            - Atmospheric pressure 

Anemometer                     - Wind speed 

Crescograph                     - Growth of plant

 Dynamometer                 - Convert mechanical energy to electrical 

Cambel stokes                  - Duration of sun shine 

ECG                                 - Movement of heart 

Wind wane                      - Wind direction 

Tensiometers                   - Soil moisture tension 

Galvanometer                 - Electric currents

 Porometer                     - Stomal behavior 

Hydrometer                   - Measures relative density of liquids 

Hygrometer/Psychrometer - Relative humidity

 Lactometer                   - Density of milk, milk purity 

Lysimeter                      - Evapotranspiration/leaching 

Manometer                   - Root pressure

 Planimeter                  -Area of an irregular figure 

Pyrheliometer             - Amount of direct solar radiation 

Pyranometer               - Total incoming solar radiation 

Pycnometer                 - Specific gravity of soil _ 

Peizometer                 - Depth of water table

Potometer                  - Transpiration

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Daily Dosage - Origin of Crops - General agriculture - 04

  Origin of  Crops

• Rice               - S. E. Asia(Burma) 

• Wheat           - S. W. Asia (Turkey)

• Gram            - S. W. Asia  

• Sugarcane    - New Guinea 

• Soybean        - China 

• Mustard       - China 

• Tea                - China 

• Maize           - S. America (Mexico)

• Potato          - S. America (Peru) 

• Tobacco       - C. America 

• Brinjal         - India 

• Moong         - India

• Cotton          - India 

• Groundnut - Brazil 

• Arhar         - Africa

• Cow pea     - Africa   

• Jowar         -Africa 

• Bajra          - Africa

• Oats             -Asia Minor

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Daily Dosage - Important Days Related to Agriculture - General Agriculture 03

 Important Days  Related to Agriculture 

• World Consumer Day -  15th March

• World Forestry Day - 21st March 

• Rajasthan Day - 3rd March

•  World Environment Day - 5th June

• World Population Day -  11th July

•  Ozone Day - 16th September

• Word Food Day - 16th October

• Women in Agriculture Day -  4th December  

• Kishan Day - 23 rd December - birth day of Choudhary Charan Singh

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Daily Dosage - Important years relates to agriculture - General agriculture - 02

United Nation International Years Related to Agriculture

• 2020: The United Nations (UN) is declaring 2020 the ‘International Year of Plant Health.’ Capping off the ‘Decade on Biodiversity,’ the UN continues to recognize and promote healthy ecosystems as key to sustainable development.

• 2019: International Year of Indigenous Languages

• 2018: Contrary to common practice, the United Nations has not declared 2018 as International Year for any specific topic.

• 2017: International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Development

• 2016: International Year of Pulses

• 2015: International Year of Soils

• 2014: International Year of Family Farming

• 2013: International Year of Quinoa

• 2013: International Year of Water Cooperation

• 2012: International Year of Co-operative General Agriculture 

• 2012: Year of Horticultural (declared by Ministry of Ag. & Food Processing, Govt. of India).

• 2011: International Year of Forest, and : International Year of Chemistry 

• 2010: International Year of Biodiversity 

• 2009: International Year of Fiber 

• 2008: International Year of Potato 

• 2007: International Year of Water 

• 2006: International Year of Desert and Desertification

• 2005: International Year of Physics 

• 2004: International Year of Rice

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Daily Dosage - Kisan Call Centre - General Agriculture -01

 Kisan Call Centre

• The Kisan Call Centre scheme was launched in 21, Jan 2004 to provide agricultural information to the farming community through toll -free telephone lines. 

• A country -wide common 11 -digit number-1800-180- 1551—has been allocated for KCCs.

 • Replies to the queries of the farming community are being provided in 22 local languages. 

• Calls are attended to from 6.00 am to 10.00 pm on all seven days of the week.

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Daily Dosage - Sericulture oneliner - 01

 Sericulture - 01

1. Top 3 silk production countries

• 1st - China
• 2nd - India
• 3rd- Uzbekistan

2. Largest Consumer of silk in the world - India

3.Biggest Producer of Raw Silk in India - Mysore (Karnataka)

4. Institutes:

• Central Silk Board - Bangalore

• Central Silk Technological and Research Institute -Bangalore 

• Central Sericulture Training and Research Institute - Mysore

• Central Sericulture Research and Training Institute, Berhampur (Odisha)

• Central Tasar Research and Training Institute, Ranchi (Jharkhand)

• Cental Muga, Eri Research and Training Institute, Titibar (Assam)

• Central Sericultural Germplasm Resources Centre, Hosur (TamilNadu)

5. Books:

• Hand Book of Practical Sericulture - Utal and Narashimhanna

• Mulbery Cultivation -R.K.Patnaik

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Daily Dosage - Types of Vegetable gardens - Vegetable science oneliner

Types of Vegetable gardens

1.Home  or kitchen or Nutritional Garden - Area required for home garden is 250 sqm

2.Market Garden - 

• Mostly situated near big cities,
• Intensive cultivation is followed, 
• Many crops are grown simultaneously

3.Truck Garden - 

• Extensive cultivation is followed one or two crops are grown

4.Processing Vegetable Garden - 

• Specialized cultivation practices are followed.Mainly grown on contract basis

5.Vegetable forcing or control environment agriculture - 

• Intensive cultivation is followed. 
• Very small area is used.

6.Vegetable garden for seed production - 

• Special type of vegetables are grown. 
• Contract cultivation.

7.Floating Vegetable Garden - 

• Mainly found in Jammu & Kashmir Shallow rooted vegetables are grown

8. Roof Garden - Fresh leafy vegetable are grown

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Daily Dosage - Seed Production oneliner - Sorghum / Jower

 Seed production oneliner  - Sorghum /Jowar

• King of coarse grain - Jowar /Sorghum

• Often cross pollinated crop

• Basipetal - Flowering in sorghum starts from tip to bottom 

• Isolation distance for foundation seed production is 200 m

• Isolation distance for certified seed production is 100 m

• Chemical recommended for seed hardening of sorghum is KH2PO4

• Isolation distance for certified seed production is sorghum in the presence of johnson grass - 400 m

• Isolation distance for sorghum hybrid foundation seed production is 300 m

• Isolation distance for sorghum hybrid certified seed production is 200 m

• Planting ratio followed in sorghum hybrid seed production is 4:2

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Best book for ICAR JRF -Plant Science Preparation

 

Genetics and Plant breeding

1. Fundamentals of genetics –BD Singh
2. Elements of genetics –Phundan Singh
3. Principles of plant breeding-BD Singh
4. Essentials of plant breeding –K.V.Mohanan

Objective book

Plant Science JRF By Elangovan (Previous solved Paper 2005 to 2019+ Model test Paper’s )

Objective Genetics and plant breeding-Phundan Singh

Objective genetics BD Singh & BK Prasad

Objectives of plant breeding –Phundan Singh

1. Plant pathology

   1. Plant pathology-Alice
   2. Fungi bacteria virus –H.C.Dube
   3. Uppal kumar Battacharya
   
   

   Seed science and technology

   1. P.K Agarwal seed technology
   2. Objective seed technology –TNAU
   
   

   Microbiology

   1. Microbiology by Tauro and kapoor
   
   

   General agriculture

   1. General agriculture by Nem raj Sunda
   2. General agriculture by Arun katyayan vol 1& 2( Read the subjects which comes under plant sciences
   3. only)
   4. General Agriculture for Postgraduate Entrance Exam Test (PET) BHU by Elangovan,
   5. General agriculture by Muniraj singh rathore
   6. Objective agriculture by SR Kantwa
   
   

   Plant Physiology

   1. Pandey and sinha 

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Best Agriculture Books for ICAR JRF - Agronomy Preparation

List of Agronomy book for ICAR JRF Agronomy Preparation

1. Principles of Agronomy by S. R. Reddy
2. Principles Of Agronomy by Reddy &  Reddy
3. Textbook of Field Crops Production by Rajendra Prasad vol 1
4. Textbook of Field Crops Production by Rajendra Prasad Vol 2
5. Weed Science : Basic and Applications by T. K. Das
6. Weed Management : Principles and Practices by O.P. Gupta
7. Irrigation Agronomy by Sr Reddy
8. Introductory Soil Science by D.K. Das
9. Agronomy Treatise by  P.D. Chaudhary
10. Objective Agronomy by Thavaprakaash N,Velayudham K
11. Agronomy at a Glance Volume 2. 
12. Objective Fundamentals by P.L. Maliwal and S.L. Mundra
13. Objective Agriculture by S.R Kantwa

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Daily Dosage - Problematic Soils - Soil Science

 Problematic Soils

1. Acid Soil: 

• 30%  of cultivated soil of india are acidic in nature
• Deficiency of Ca, Mg, K
• Toxicity of Al, Mn
• Control Measure - Lime application

2.Alkali Soil: 

• ESP > 15%, EC<4 ds/m pH:8.6-10
• Deficiency of Fe, Zn, P, Mn
• Toxicity of Na, B
• Control Measure : Application of Gypsum, Calcium, Chloride, Phosphogypsum

3.Saline Soil: 

• ESP <15%,pH:7-8.5, EC>4 ds/m
• Deficiency of Ca,K
• Toxicity of Na, Cl
• Control Measure: Application of Gypsum

4.Saline - Alkaline soil :

• ESP >15%,pH:8.5, EC>4 ds/m

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Daily Dosage - Characteristics of Good Quality Seed - Seed Science

 Characteristics of Good Quality Seed

It must be genetically pure:

• Breeder / Nucleus seed  - 100% genetic purity

• Foundation seed - 99.5% genetic purity

• Certified seed - 99.0% genetic purity

It should have the required level of physical purity for certification

• All crop - 98%

• Carrot - 95%

It should have high pure seed percentage

• Bhendi - 99.0%

• Other crop - 98.0%

• Sesame, Soybean & Jute - 97.0%

• Groundnut - 96.0%

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Daily Dosage - Institutions related to Seed Science

 Institutions

• National Bureau of Plant genetic resources - New Delhi
• Central Seed Testing Laboratory - Varanasi, UP
• National Seed Research and Training Centre - Varanasi, UP
• Directorate of Seed and Spices Research -MAU, UP
• Central Institute for Research in Cotton Technology - Mumbai, Maharastra
• Central Institute for Cotton Research -Nagpur, Maharastra
• Central Tobacco Research Institute- Rajamundry, Andhra Pradesh
• Central Rice Research Institute - Cuttack, Odisha
• International Rice Research Institute-Manila, Philippines
• International Plant genetic Resources Institute - Rome, Italy
• The head office of CIMMYT - EL batan
• Central Potato Research Institute- Simla
• Indian Institute of Spices Research -Calicut, Kerala
• Indian Institute of Horticultural Research - Bangalore, Karnataga
• Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research  - Lucknow, UP
• Indian Institute of Vegetable Research  - Varanasi, UP
• Sugarcane Breeding Station - Coimbatore, TamilNadu
• National Research Centre for Seed Spices - Ajmer - Rajesthan
• National Research Centre for Banana -Trichy, TamilNadu
• Directorate of Maize Research - New Delhi
• Directorate of Rice Research - Hyderabad, Telangana
• Directorate of Oil Seed  Research -Hyderabad,  Telangana 
• Directorate of Groundnut Research - Junagarh, Gujarath

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